Why did the ideal of liberal nationalism fail in 19th century Germany Essay Example

Why did the ideal of liberal nationalism fail in 19th century Germany? Paper Despite all these successes the liberal nationalist ideal failed. Ultimately this was due to the militaristic conservatives had no interest in it; they were concerned with Weltpolitik (expansion of the empire). However on the path from the liberal heyday of the 1840s to the outbreak of the Great War the liberal cause was struck numerous blows. In 1840 one can see the first sign of the militaristic tendencies of the Germans by the Watch on the Rhine. This defensive fear and hostility to the other would ultimately cause the downfall of the liberal nationalists. In 1848 seemingly their strongest year due to the revolutions around Germany there was still a downside; their unsuccessful attempt to permanently alter the system of government and implement the policies listed in the second paragraph they showed that they could not overcome the ruling order without added help (either from Prussia or from a foreign power). These revolutions showed that the liberals would never receive this help for the other European powers wanted Germany to remain a power vacuum because its attributes (population growth, industrialised economy and positioning) made the Germans a threat to the balance of power. We will write a custom essay sample on Why did the ideal of liberal nationalism fail in 19th century Germany? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Why did the ideal of liberal nationalism fail in 19th century Germany? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Why did the ideal of liberal nationalism fail in 19th century Germany? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer From this point on the liberal nationalists stood for an appealing idea but one which was ineffective, I believe that they realised this disturbing fact and from this point on sought to compromise and attempt to influence the system in whatever way possible. This point is backed up by the signing of the Indemnity Bill in 1866 which was seen as a submission to the autocracy and as the liberals selling their souls to Bismarck but with hindsight it was the only solution at the time. The liberal nationalists would have realised that if you cant beat them, join them (or the equivalent German phrase). By signing this bill they were able to influence parts of the constitution that Bismarck made in 1871; some say that this constitution stunted liberalism but in many ways it was better to have parts of their ideal recognised than none of it (which would have happened had they persisted with their 1848 style). However their thought that this compromise should bring parts of liberalism (now on its own because nationalism was recognised by the formation of the Reich) to the nation was wrong. Over the next thirty years liberal policies were thrown to the wind; 1873s economic depression meant the end of free trade, 1878 meant the end of Wilhelm and the accession of a new militaristic Kaiser who would throughout the 1890s grew to dominate the political scene. From 1878 onwards there was no one in power who owed anything to the liberals or could gain anything by allying with them which meant that liberal policies were forgotten. It, in the form of an opposition to the government was replaced by socialism. Liberal nationalism did not die in the 20th century; the creation of the Weimar Republic showed that however it had no place in Germanys long term future. The liberals condemned themselves to this pitiful fate by not uniting in 1848 and although they had little choice in 1866, the acceptance of Bismarcks regime meant that their demise was unavoidable. The liberals could not be blamed for not realising that German nationalism would become increasingly aggressive although they did (via their liberal economic policies) put Prussia in a position of sufficient prosperity to be able to dominate the nation and allow them to drive Germany into the Great War.

American Revolution Essay Exam 2 Essays - American Revolution

American Revolution Essay Exam 2 Essays - American Revolution American Revolution Essay Exam 2 American Revolution "I have a right to!". How many times have you said this or heard someone else say this? Where did this come from? Your rights started with the American Revolution (War for Independence). There are several cause for the revolution from the French and Indian War of 1754 to the First Continental Congress meeting of 1774. Remember though, where the Enlightenment and the Great Awakening had affected the way many Americans thought about government these events strengthened their new ways of thinking even more. "No taxation without representation", this famous line, I believe was one of the most important reasons for the war of independence. One of the problems that led to the separation was the fact that Americans were not represented in British Parliament. After the Seven Years War (French and Indian War), the British began taxing the colonists. Britain supported "virtual representation" (The concept of virtual representation was employed by Prime Minister George Grenville to explain why Parliament could legally tax the colonists even though the colonists could not elect any members of Parliament. The theory of virtual representation held that the members of Parliament did not only represent their specific geographical constituencies, but rather that they took into consideration the well being of all British subjects when deliberating on legislation. - sparknotes.com/history/american/prerevolution/terms.html) . Most of the colonies' leaders considered themselves Americans, not Englishmen or British citizens, and demanded to be represented in parliament. Essentially it meant, "No taxation by Parliament. No representation in Parliament. Let us run our own affairs." The Stamp Act Congress in 1765 argued this form of representation. The Stamp Act of 1765 required every colonists to pay taxes on all printed documents. Such as, licenses, commercial contracts, newspapers, and playing cards. This was basically an attempt by the British to collect money without having any consent of the colonial assemblies. American leaders and colonists, as we as I mentioned above did like the idea of this, and believed it was taxation without representation. Soon mobs began rising up in many colonies to go against the Stamp Act. The Sons of Liberty, the largest mob in Boston, burned the stamps, began terrorizing the stamp agents, and attacked Thomas Hutchinson ( he supported the stamp act when it became law). With the boycotting expanding, eventually repealed the Stamp Act in 1766. In June of 1767 the Townshend Revenue Acts were passed. This put a tax on American imports-paper, paint ,tea, and glass. Just like with the Stamp Act, again the Americans refused to pay this tax. When boycotting began and governors began closing the assemblies other colonies were drug into the struggle. Originally this had really only affected Massachusetts, but now that the assemblies were being closed it started affecting all surrounding colonies. This helped to bring about the unity between very different colonies. Now the other colonies were more willing to help boycott and revolt against the British. British soldiers that King George had kept in the colonies were patrolling like usual. The Americans at this point thought that the soldiers were there to take away their liberties and rights. So in 1770 the colonists began tormenting them by cursing or spitting on them as they walked by. Soon (a mob of dockworkers) "liberty boys" starting throwing rocks/snowballs at the soldiers and adults, finding this amusing, stood around insulting the soldiers. When the crowd grew larger the soldiers panicked. They fired into crowd. Five Americans were killed during this event and it soon became known as the Boston Massacre to the Americans. Many stories were told about what had happened, but the truth was lost in the propaganda that later came out afterwards. With the Boston Massacre being interpreted as the soldiers executing the five Americans, the colonists became infuriated and wanted to rebel. Not long after, the soldiers were removed and taken to Boston Harbor island. (Paul Revere, The Bloody Massacre in King-Street, March 5, 1770. Boston, 1770. (Gilder Lehrman Collection) The Boston Tea Party was a result of the Tea Act of 1773. The colonists once again considered this "taxation without representation". A group of angered men decided to dress themselves as Indians and dump the tea off of the ships and